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Nutritional Epidemiology

Consumption of a Legume-Enriched, Low-Glycemic Index Diet Is Associated with Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation among Men at Risk for Colorectal Cancer^1,2

³ Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870 ⁴ Department of Biobehavioral Health and Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870 ⁵ Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, The National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 ⁶ Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, The National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 ⁷ Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210

The Legume Inflammation Feeding Experiment is, to our knowledge, the first randomized crossover feeding trial testing the effects of a legume-enriched, low-glycemic index (GI) diet among men characterized for colorectal adenomas and insulin resistance (IR) status. This study was designed to test the effects of a legume-enriched diet compared with a healthy American (HA) diet under weight-stable conditions. The primary objective was to assess effects on C-reactive protein (CRP) and C-peptide levels. The secondary objective was to assess changes by IR status or history of adenomas. A total of 64 men who completed a colonoscopy within the previous 2 y consumed 2 diets in random order each for 4 wk separated by a washout period. The diets were a legume-enriched (250 g/d), low-GI (GI 38) diet and a high-GI (GI 69) HA diet. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, C-peptide, CRP, and soluble tumor necrosis factor- receptors I and II (sTNFRI/II) at the beginning and end of the diet periods. Participants who consumed both the legume and HA diets had favorably improved CRP (–20.2 and –18.3%) and sTNFRI (–3.7 and –4.4%) concentrations, respectively. The sTNFRII concentrations declined marginally during the legume diet period (–3.8%; P = 0.060) and significantly during the HA diet period (–5.1%; P < 0.001). Fasting glucose increased significantly during both the legume (+1.8%) and HA (–2.2%) diet periods. Only the changes in glucose differed between the diet periods. Serum C-peptide and plasma insulin levels did not change in participants consuming either diet. Healthful dietary changes can improve biomarkers of IR and inflammation.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tjh9{at}psu.edu.

Manuscript received 7 August 2009. Initial review completed 24 August 2009. Revision accepted 16 October 2009.